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The virtual tour was created by Concept for culture with financial support from the City of Skopje
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Building of an unspecified purpose with an apse


This building is located in the area northwest of the City bath and the Horreum. It lies partially over the northern auxiliary room of the horreum. The building is set in the direction southeast / northwest. It has an elongated rectangular shape (30 x 8.50 m) with a built-in apse on the east side, which is enclosed by a protective wall from the outside, while on the inside it is separated by a partition wall from the remaining space.


An auxiliary entry on the south side was discovered, while the main entrance to the building should probably be expected to appear on the west end. The building has not been researched fully, due to which its purpose cannot be reliably determined, although there are enough indications regarding its public character. The architectural structure, the direction of extending and the movable finds (glass candle lamps and a candle lamp holder with a cross)- all point to a possible sacral purpose.
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City Ramparts


The rampart enclosure takes the form of an irregular rectangle (738 x 590 m), with an area of 43/44 ha inside of the walls (intra muros). There were at least two major construction phases for protection of the city by means of defensive walls. The older phase should include the period since the founding of the colony to the late 4th/ middle of 5th century, which the walls had more of a representative rather than a defensive role.


In the second phase, which includes the period from the 5th - 6th century the city was fortified with new powerful walls, but the surface of the protected area was smaller compared to the previous stage.
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City bath


The City bath is situated on west, parallel to the cardo street in a direction northeast / southwest. It has an elongated shape (41 x 13/9 m) with a simple plan of several interconnected rooms according to the purpose and extent of heating. The bath is divided into a cold northern and warm southern section, whereby the north is 4 meters wider than the south.


Cold northern section - on the north end the first section is the frigidarium (the section for bathing with cold water) with a pool of cold water followed by the apodyterium (dressing room). The frigidarium and apodyterium are united into a single rectangular area with an entrance from the north side, in the first construction phase. At the southern end of the apodyterium there is a low wall (parapet) with indents for placing the clothing before bathing. The floor in the apodyterium is paved with stone slabs, while the frigidarium has a brick floor placed over a base of waterproof mortar.


In south-western section of the frigidarium there is a pool of cold water. It is encircled by stone slabs reinforced by supporting walls on the exterior. On the west supporting wall were built six small pillars as foundations for the columns that carried the roof. In the pool, which is paved with brick, one entered from the south side by means of two stairways. The system of water supply has not been disclosed, but by means of a canal on the south side of the pool the water was transferred to the main drainage canal under the cardo street.


Warm southern section - in the southern half of the building from north to south are the tepidarium (a section for bathing with lukewarm water), laconium (section for sweating), caldarium (for bathing with hot water) and finally praefurnium (heating station).
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City house – domus


The building is preserved in a rather dilapidated condition as a result of damage caused by numerous subsequent destructive processes and building interventions. Two building phases have been established, of which the newer has been explored more thoroughly. After the violent de- struction of the older phase in the late 3rd century, the domus was soon restored and extended. The northwest section of the newer phase of the domus with an elongated rectangular shape (40 x 15 m) , set in a direction northeast / southwest has been researched. It belongs to a larger building whose total size and architectural composition have not been determined. The size, the spatial arrangement, the furnishings and the decoration of the premises indicate a functional division of the structure into two sections of different purpose.


The northeast, economic section of the house is characterizes by simplicity and symmetry of the premises. Three premises have been researched, whereby the central was divided crosswise into two smaller rooms, and of the side rooms fully unearthed is only the southwest. Eastward, all three rooms open to a porch, which leads to a large inner yard, lined with monolithic stone blocks and paved with stone slabs. The southern end of the porch is closed with a smaller room, which we assume had a counterpart on the northern end, as well.
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City villa - Domus (Villa Urbana)


It is partially located under the southeast end of the Christian basilica with a baptistery. It is set in a direction northwest / southeast. From this building have been discovered two large areas on the east side and a small private bathroom on the west side. The solemn character of the central room in the eastern part is determined by walls with frescoes, of which, unfortunately, only the lower zone has been preserved. The frieze is divided into square fields with borders of black stripes. In each of the fields, on a pale yellow and orange base, are painted geometric ornaments in different combinations (slanted, wavy, oval, circular, zigzag lines, stripes, spots, etc.) of multiple colors with greater intensity in order to imitate marble.


In the west, thermal section of the villa were discovered parts of the caldarium (hot section), praefurnium (heating station) and tepidarium (lukewarm section). The heating station is set between the caldarium and tepidariumot. The caldarium has an apse (conch) on the southwest side and floor (hypocaust) heating with circular pillars. In one part of tepidariumot, under the floor of the waterproof mortar is a canal of clay pipes (tubuli) in two rows which served for floor heating.


According to the stratigraphic position, size, architectural structure and elements, especially the decorative elements of the frescoes, the construction of the villa is dated from the late 3rd to the late 4th / early 5th century.
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Early Christian basilica with an atrium


The basilica has impressive monumental dimensions (53 x 16 m), which is an indication of the dominant position of the building in this part of the city in the 6th century.


It is a three-naval basilica with a narthex, atrium and entrance halls (courtyard) on the west side and three apses on the east side.


The basilica was connected to the outer space via the east sidewalk of the cardo street, where- from one entered an asymmetrical courtyard with two areas. Then, under a great arch one entered a spacious square atrium, where the narthex came from the east with a square annex- room from the outer- northern side. One enters the passage from the atrium to the narthex, in the side naves, through the stone thresholds which have grooves for the wooden doors. From the narthex through a triple arch (tribelon) one enters the central nave of the basilica. Laterally, the tribelon is flanked by cross-shaped pillars which also represent the beginning point of the colonnades which consist of five pillars that divide the naos into three parts. The pillars of the colonnades between the side naves and the central nave are placed on stone pedestals. At the east end the basilica ends in three apses, of which the central is three-sided on the outside, while the two lateral apses are semi-circular. On the inside, next to the northern wall of the atrium, are staircases leading to the upper floor, which indicates a two-story building with a gallery.


The sides of the atrium were paved with ceramic tiles, while the middle part was probably open and served as a courtyard. The floor of the narthex and the naos was covered with waterproof mortar with a smooth thin glaze. The altar area was paved with stone slabs of different size. Regarding architectural decoration were preserved pillars of the tribelon depicting, in high relief, large Latin crosses exiting the Universe.


According to the architectural structure and preserved elements of decoration, the basilica existed during the 6th century.
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Early Christian basilica with baptistery


The basilica is set in a direction southeast / northwest. It is three-naval with impressive dimensions (39 x 18 m); with a narthex on the west, an apse on the east and a baptistery on the south side. North of the exterior of the narthex was discovered a pastophoria (an area for the preparation of priests and honest gits), whereby its counterpart was assumed to have existed on the south of the narthex, but was not saved due to the significant amount of damage. The northern pastophoria is set on a higher level and is connected with the narthex via three stone staircases. The connection of the basilica with the outer space toward cardo street was established via three entrances to the narthex, of which only the north is preserved. From the narthex to the central nave one enters by means of a staircase, through a portal with three openings, which are separated by rectangular pillars. The narthex was connected to the north and south nave via separate entrances. The naves are separated by colonnades of pillars set on rectangular bases. The columns in the upper structure were interconnected with double arches decorated with fresco decoration.


The floor of the narthex and the northern pastophoria were paved with bricks. The floor of the basilica was covered with waterproof mortar with a smooth thin glaze, which is the basis for setting up a mosaic. The floor of the presbytery (space for the Priests’ Council) was built in the same technique, but placed on a higher level.


On the southeast end of the south nave there is a partially built baptistery. Over the existing semi-circular area of the thermal part of the older City villa, which, at that time, was no longer in use, was built another apse (conch) to the east.


According to the architectural structure and preserved decorative elements (marble capitals, bases and shafts from the pillars, rosettes, etc.), the basilica operated from the end of the 5th and during the 6th century.
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Great thermal complex


This building, regarding its monumentality, structure and the complex and extravagant composition was designated as a multi- purpose bath (thermal) complex which probably encompassed the entire quarter west of the cardo street (maximus?) i.e. south of decumanus (maximus?). The dimensions and construction phases of the building have not yet been determined, as it is still in the research stage. It is of elongated shape with several areas arranged lengthwise, inter- connected according to the purpose and extent of heating. There are indications that the south- ern part of the building was intended for hot bathing, while the northern and central parts were probably used for cold bathing and recreation. In the warm section, from south to north, was identified a caldarium with an apse-shaped room (pool) on the north side and two heating stations. In the north section the following chambers have been researched: the apodyterium, corridor, inner courtyard (atrium) and parts of several chambers of unidentified purpose. The impressive rectangular apodyterium is connected to the cardo street via a semi-circular entrance. To the east extends a nearby elongated corridor, directly connected to the main decumanus on the north, and to the central inner courtyard on the south.


The floor and the lower zone of the walls in the hall, as well as the niche, were coated with waterproof mortar with a thin smooth glaze. On the floor were laid decorative green, red and yellow marble slabs. Two floor levels have been identified indicating a restoration of the hall. There are indications that the walls in the upper level were decorated with luxurious wall mosaics and frescoes of rich colorations and graffiti. In this setting was probably placed the statue Venus Pudica with a dolphin.


During its existence for many centuries, from the 2nd to the 5th century, the building under- went several extensions and adaptations, which probably altered the purpose of the individual chambers.
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Horreum (granary - a public warehouse)


The building has a simple massive structure of an elongated rectangular shape (65 x 15 m). On each of the north and south ends of the west side there is an auxiliary room, which is connected to the main building by separate entrances. The main communication of the Horreum with the exterior (the street decumanus maximus) is through the three entrances at the north end, one main and two auxiliary. On the west side there is another auxiliary entrance.


The interior of the northern half of the building, with three parallel rows of columns is noticeably divided into four longitudinal corridors. Inside the building were found several bases and shafts of columns, which divided the corridors on the upper level indicating existence of a multi-story construction.
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Late Antiquty micro - dwelling units


The discovered remains of Late Antiquty micro - dwelling units are silent witnesses to the last remnants of organized life in Scupi, whereby we get a clear picture of what happened in the area of Scupi in the turbulent years at the end of Late Antiquity, during the late 6th century and even later in the early 7th century.


The organization of the micro-dwelling complexes on both sides of the cardo street indicates a fragmentation and disintegration of the previous building structure into smaller trade units.


The walls were built by means of the primitive dry-wall technique using unprocessed stones and broken bricks bound by mud, which oten incorporated architectural elements (spolia), parts or whole walls from the older building periods. The masonry and diferent loor levels of pressed earth point to at least two building phases followed by additions or adjustments to the space, which conirms not only the weak economic power of their owners but also the weak economic power of Scupi in that period.


Nevertheless, the efective organization and rationalization of the space is evident through the fact that the individual buildings are structurally simple and interconnected.
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Northern wing of the Great thermal complex


Area of the northern wing of the Great Thermal Complex in a research phase...
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Scupi – Colonia Flavia Scupinorum


Archaeological finds indicate continuous life on the area of the future city of Scupi and the immediate surroundings in the Bronze and Iron Age - from the 12th to the 6th century BC. According to historical sources, the Dardanians penetrate and populate the region of the Skopje Valley in the late 3rd century BC.


The Scupi colony (Colonia Flavia Scupinorum) was established by means of inhabiting veterans (retired soldiers) of the legions: Seventh Claudius (VII Claudia), Fifth Macedonian (V Macedonica), Fifth Alauda (V Alaudae) and Fourth Macedonian (IV Macedonica), who were awarded land as a reward (deduction) on the wider urban area which coincided with the territory of the Skopje Valley.


Scupi is the southernmost provincial capital of Upper Moesia (Moesiae Superior), and the city borders were identical to a section of the province borders. According to the Roman geographer Ptolemy of the 2nd century, Scupi was the largest center and the only colony in Dardania (the southern half of the province), along with the cities Naissus, Ulpiana and Aribantion. During the iperial period, the city progresses and develops profoundly, persisting as a significant administrative, religious and transit center of the province of Moesia Superior.


In 518 AD Scupi was destroyed in an earthquake, which was recorded in the chronicle of Marcellinus Comes. The earthquake and the constant penetrations of the Slavs, Kutrigurs and Avars that ravaged the Balkans throughout the 6th century that consisted of looting, burning and destruction of the wealthy Roman cities including Scupi causes the demise of the city life in Scupi.
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Street grid


In line with the general urban structure, the streets were placed according to an orthogo nal system, parallel to the walls of the enclosure (northwest / southeast - southwest / northeast). This involved two main streets: cardo maximus and decumanus maximus. Thus far, the following have been researched: a large section of the street cardo, the inter- sections on this street with two decumani and parts of two cardo streets and one decumanus.


The street which was 8.30 m wide, was paved with irregular massive stone slabs. To the left and the right of the street, separated by curbs, were the sidewalks with a width of 2.60 m on the east, and up to 3 m on the west side, totaling a 14m width of the street. They were paved with cobblestones of ground stone or river flint stones except in certain places, commonly in front of the entrances to the buildings, where bricks were placed instead.
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Theatre


According to its impressive dimensions, this monumental architectural facility is the largest of the preserved Roman theatres on the territory of the Re- public of Macedonia. The main contours of the building have been uncovered: skene, the central space of the theatre building and the eastern part of the auditorium. In the construction of the auditorium the natural slope of the hill was utilized, while for the purpose of setting the orchestra and the theatre building the ground was previously levelled.


Through the theatre building (98 x 15 m) there are three corridors leading up to the orchestra, which has the shape of a partial semicircle, which is characteristic of the Roman theatres. The outer edge of the auditorium is 16 meters higher than the level of the orchestra, as was prob- ably the height of the stage building.


In the central part of the theatre building were discovered six smaller rooms that served as locker rooms or rooms for preparation of the artists. The facade of the skene has a semicircle niche above the main hall and two rectangular niches above the lateral corridors. The stage was two meters above the orchestra and was covered with multicolor marble slabs. The facade of the skene was extremely lavishly decorated with marble pillars on two floors, and capitals, bases, architraves, door frames, roof wreaths and other decorative architectural elements, with rich ornamentation, whose artistic and technical level of craftsmanship is at an extraordinary high level and does not falter compared to most artistic works from that time in other Roman capitals.


Left and right of the skene are side wings (paraskenia) of the theatre building, which are pulled inside toward the orchestra and partly angled towards the auditorium, thus forming parodoi (entrances) as side pathways to the orchestra.


The auditorium (cavea) lies on the natural slope, facing southwest. One pathway (diazoma) divides the audience into two parts. The seats of the lower section stood on a massive complex substructure of concentric semi-circular walls, interconnected by arches, which form four arched underground passageways. Via the fourth corridor one went out to several places, whereby two exits were discovered (vomitoria) in the lower part of the auditorium. The top half of the auditorium lies over a construction of two concentric semi-circular walls, connected by 24 radial beams, each arched, which served as a base for the seats. The preserved items indicate that the theatrical performances took place in the orchestra. There has not been evidence, thus far, that in the theatre were organized gladiatorial performances.


The architectural composition and the style of decorative elements indicate that the theatre was built during the reign of Hadrian (first half of the 2nd century). That conclusion is supported by the probable visit of Hadrian in Scupi between 121-125 AD.
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Building of an unspecified purpose with an apse


This building is located in the area northwest of the City bath and the Horreum. It lies partially over the northern auxiliary room of the horreum. The building is set in the direction southeast / northwest. It has an elongated rectangular shape (30 x 8.50 m) with a built-in apse on the east side, which is enclosed by a protective wall from the outside, while on the inside it is separated by a partition wall from the remaining space.


An auxiliary entry on the south side was discovered, while the main entrance to the building should probably be expected to appear on the west end. The building has not been researched fully, due to which its purpose cannot be reliably determined, although there are enough indications regarding its public character. The architectural structure, the direction of extending and the movable finds (glass candle lamps and a candle lamp holder with a cross)- all point to a possible sacral purpose.
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City Ramparts


The rampart enclosure takes the form of an irregular rectangle (738 x 590 m), with an area of 43/44 ha inside of the walls (intra muros). There were at least two major construction phases for protection of the city by means of defensive walls. The older phase should include the period since the founding of the colony to the late 4th/ middle of 5th century, which the walls had more of a representative rather than a defensive role.


In the second phase, which includes the period from the 5th - 6th century the city was fortified with new powerful walls, but the surface of the protected area was smaller compared to the previous stage.
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City bath


The City bath is situated on west, parallel to the cardo street in a direction northeast / southwest. It has an elongated shape (41 x 13/9 m) with a simple plan of several interconnected rooms according to the purpose and extent of heating. The bath is divided into a cold northern and warm southern section, whereby the north is 4 meters wider than the south.


Cold northern section - on the north end the first section is the frigidarium (the section for bathing with cold water) with a pool of cold water followed by the apodyterium (dressing room). The frigidarium and apodyterium are united into a single rectangular area with an entrance from the north side, in the first construction phase. At the southern end of the apodyterium there is a low wall (parapet) with indents for placing the clothing before bathing. The floor in the apodyterium is paved with stone slabs, while the frigidarium has a brick floor placed over a base of waterproof mortar.


In south-western section of the frigidarium there is a pool of cold water. It is encircled by stone slabs reinforced by supporting walls on the exterior. On the west supporting wall were built six small pillars as foundations for the columns that carried the roof. In the pool, which is paved with brick, one entered from the south side by means of two stairways. The system of water supply has not been disclosed, but by means of a canal on the south side of the pool the water was transferred to the main drainage canal under the cardo street.


Warm southern section - in the southern half of the building from north to south are the tepidarium (a section for bathing with lukewarm water), laconium (section for sweating), caldarium (for bathing with hot water) and finally praefurnium (heating station).
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City house – domus


The building is preserved in a rather dilapidated condition as a result of damage caused by numerous subsequent destructive processes and building interventions. Two building phases have been established, of which the newer has been explored more thoroughly. After the violent de- struction of the older phase in the late 3rd century, the domus was soon restored and extended. The northwest section of the newer phase of the domus with an elongated rectangular shape (40 x 15 m) , set in a direction northeast / southwest has been researched. It belongs to a larger building whose total size and architectural composition have not been determined. The size, the spatial arrangement, the furnishings and the decoration of the premises indicate a functional division of the structure into two sections of different purpose.


The northeast, economic section of the house is characterizes by simplicity and symmetry of the premises. Three premises have been researched, whereby the central was divided crosswise into two smaller rooms, and of the side rooms fully unearthed is only the southwest. Eastward, all three rooms open to a porch, which leads to a large inner yard, lined with monolithic stone blocks and paved with stone slabs. The southern end of the porch is closed with a smaller room, which we assume had a counterpart on the northern end, as well.
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City villa - Domus (Villa Urbana)


It is partially located under the southeast end of the Christian basilica with a baptistery. It is set in a direction northwest / southeast. From this building have been discovered two large areas on the east side and a small private bathroom on the west side. The solemn character of the central room in the eastern part is determined by walls with frescoes, of which, unfortunately, only the lower zone has been preserved. The frieze is divided into square fields with borders of black stripes. In each of the fields, on a pale yellow and orange base, are painted geometric ornaments in different combinations (slanted, wavy, oval, circular, zigzag lines, stripes, spots, etc.) of multiple colors with greater intensity in order to imitate marble.


In the west, thermal section of the villa were discovered parts of the caldarium (hot section), praefurnium (heating station) and tepidarium (lukewarm section). The heating station is set between the caldarium and tepidariumot. The caldarium has an apse (conch) on the southwest side and floor (hypocaust) heating with circular pillars. In one part of tepidariumot, under the floor of the waterproof mortar is a canal of clay pipes (tubuli) in two rows which served for floor heating.


According to the stratigraphic position, size, architectural structure and elements, especially the decorative elements of the frescoes, the construction of the villa is dated from the late 3rd to the late 4th / early 5th century.
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Early Christian basilica with an atrium


The basilica has impressive monumental dimensions (53 x 16 m), which is an indication of the dominant position of the building in this part of the city in the 6th century.


It is a three-naval basilica with a narthex, atrium and entrance halls (courtyard) on the west side and three apses on the east side.


The basilica was connected to the outer space via the east sidewalk of the cardo street, where- from one entered an asymmetrical courtyard with two areas. Then, under a great arch one entered a spacious square atrium, where the narthex came from the east with a square annex- room from the outer- northern side. One enters the passage from the atrium to the narthex, in the side naves, through the stone thresholds which have grooves for the wooden doors. From the narthex through a triple arch (tribelon) one enters the central nave of the basilica. Laterally, the tribelon is flanked by cross-shaped pillars which also represent the beginning point of the colonnades which consist of five pillars that divide the naos into three parts. The pillars of the colonnades between the side naves and the central nave are placed on stone pedestals. At the east end the basilica ends in three apses, of which the central is three-sided on the outside, while the two lateral apses are semi-circular. On the inside, next to the northern wall of the atrium, are staircases leading to the upper floor, which indicates a two-story building with a gallery.


The sides of the atrium were paved with ceramic tiles, while the middle part was probably open and served as a courtyard. The floor of the narthex and the naos was covered with waterproof mortar with a smooth thin glaze. The altar area was paved with stone slabs of different size. Regarding architectural decoration were preserved pillars of the tribelon depicting, in high relief, large Latin crosses exiting the Universe.


According to the architectural structure and preserved elements of decoration, the basilica existed during the 6th century.
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Early Christian basilica with baptistery


The basilica is set in a direction southeast / northwest. It is three-naval with impressive dimensions (39 x 18 m); with a narthex on the west, an apse on the east and a baptistery on the south side. North of the exterior of the narthex was discovered a pastophoria (an area for the preparation of priests and honest gits), whereby its counterpart was assumed to have existed on the south of the narthex, but was not saved due to the significant amount of damage. The northern pastophoria is set on a higher level and is connected with the narthex via three stone staircases. The connection of the basilica with the outer space toward cardo street was established via three entrances to the narthex, of which only the north is preserved. From the narthex to the central nave one enters by means of a staircase, through a portal with three openings, which are separated by rectangular pillars. The narthex was connected to the north and south nave via separate entrances. The naves are separated by colonnades of pillars set on rectangular bases. The columns in the upper structure were interconnected with double arches decorated with fresco decoration.


The floor of the narthex and the northern pastophoria were paved with bricks. The floor of the basilica was covered with waterproof mortar with a smooth thin glaze, which is the basis for setting up a mosaic. The floor of the presbytery (space for the Priests’ Council) was built in the same technique, but placed on a higher level.


On the southeast end of the south nave there is a partially built baptistery. Over the existing semi-circular area of the thermal part of the older City villa, which, at that time, was no longer in use, was built another apse (conch) to the east.


According to the architectural structure and preserved decorative elements (marble capitals, bases and shafts from the pillars, rosettes, etc.), the basilica operated from the end of the 5th and during the 6th century.
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Great thermal complex


This building, regarding its monumentality, structure and the complex and extravagant composition was designated as a multi- purpose bath (thermal) complex which probably encompassed the entire quarter west of the cardo street (maximus?) i.e. south of decumanus (maximus?). The dimensions and construction phases of the building have not yet been determined, as it is still in the research stage. It is of elongated shape with several areas arranged lengthwise, inter- connected according to the purpose and extent of heating. There are indications that the south- ern part of the building was intended for hot bathing, while the northern and central parts were probably used for cold bathing and recreation. In the warm section, from south to north, was identified a caldarium with an apse-shaped room (pool) on the north side and two heating stations. In the north section the following chambers have been researched: the apodyterium, corridor, inner courtyard (atrium) and parts of several chambers of unidentified purpose. The impressive rectangular apodyterium is connected to the cardo street via a semi-circular entrance. To the east extends a nearby elongated corridor, directly connected to the main decumanus on the north, and to the central inner courtyard on the south.


The floor and the lower zone of the walls in the hall, as well as the niche, were coated with waterproof mortar with a thin smooth glaze. On the floor were laid decorative green, red and yellow marble slabs. Two floor levels have been identified indicating a restoration of the hall. There are indications that the walls in the upper level were decorated with luxurious wall mosaics and frescoes of rich colorations and graffiti. In this setting was probably placed the statue Venus Pudica with a dolphin.


During its existence for many centuries, from the 2nd to the 5th century, the building under- went several extensions and adaptations, which probably altered the purpose of the individual chambers.
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Horreum (granary - a public warehouse)


The building has a simple massive structure of an elongated rectangular shape (65 x 15 m). On each of the north and south ends of the west side there is an auxiliary room, which is connected to the main building by separate entrances. The main communication of the Horreum with the exterior (the street decumanus maximus) is through the three entrances at the north end, one main and two auxiliary. On the west side there is another auxiliary entrance.


The interior of the northern half of the building, with three parallel rows of columns is noticeably divided into four longitudinal corridors. Inside the building were found several bases and shafts of columns, which divided the corridors on the upper level indicating existence of a multi-story construction.
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Late Antiquty micro - dwelling units


The discovered remains of Late Antiquty micro - dwelling units are silent witnesses to the last remnants of organized life in Scupi, whereby we get a clear picture of what happened in the area of Scupi in the turbulent years at the end of Late Antiquity, during the late 6th century and even later in the early 7th century.


The organization of the micro-dwelling complexes on both sides of the cardo street indicates a fragmentation and disintegration of the previous building structure into smaller trade units.


The walls were built by means of the primitive dry-wall technique using unprocessed stones and broken bricks bound by mud, which oten incorporated architectural elements (spolia), parts or whole walls from the older building periods. The masonry and diferent loor levels of pressed earth point to at least two building phases followed by additions or adjustments to the space, which conirms not only the weak economic power of their owners but also the weak economic power of Scupi in that period.


Nevertheless, the efective organization and rationalization of the space is evident through the fact that the individual buildings are structurally simple and interconnected.
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Northern wing of the Great thermal complex


Area of the northern wing of the Great Thermal Complex in a research phase...
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Scupi – Colonia Flavia Scupinorum


Archaeological finds indicate continuous life on the area of the future city of Scupi and the immediate surroundings in the Bronze and Iron Age - from the 12th to the 6th century BC. According to historical sources, the Dardanians penetrate and populate the region of the Skopje Valley in the late 3rd century BC.


The Scupi colony (Colonia Flavia Scupinorum) was established by means of inhabiting veterans (retired soldiers) of the legions: Seventh Claudius (VII Claudia), Fifth Macedonian (V Macedonica), Fifth Alauda (V Alaudae) and Fourth Macedonian (IV Macedonica), who were awarded land as a reward (deduction) on the wider urban area which coincided with the territory of the Skopje Valley.


Scupi is the southernmost provincial capital of Upper Moesia (Moesiae Superior), and the city borders were identical to a section of the province borders. According to the Roman geographer Ptolemy of the 2nd century, Scupi was the largest center and the only colony in Dardania (the southern half of the province), along with the cities Naissus, Ulpiana and Aribantion. During the iperial period, the city progresses and develops profoundly, persisting as a significant administrative, religious and transit center of the province of Moesia Superior.


In 518 AD Scupi was destroyed in an earthquake, which was recorded in the chronicle of Marcellinus Comes. The earthquake and the constant penetrations of the Slavs, Kutrigurs and Avars that ravaged the Balkans throughout the 6th century that consisted of looting, burning and destruction of the wealthy Roman cities including Scupi causes the demise of the city life in Scupi.
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Street grid


In line with the general urban structure, the streets were placed according to an orthogo nal system, parallel to the walls of the enclosure (northwest / southeast - southwest / northeast). This involved two main streets: cardo maximus and decumanus maximus. Thus far, the following have been researched: a large section of the street cardo, the inter- sections on this street with two decumani and parts of two cardo streets and one decumanus.


The street which was 8.30 m wide, was paved with irregular massive stone slabs. To the left and the right of the street, separated by curbs, were the sidewalks with a width of 2.60 m on the east, and up to 3 m on the west side, totaling a 14m width of the street. They were paved with cobblestones of ground stone or river flint stones except in certain places, commonly in front of the entrances to the buildings, where bricks were placed instead.
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Theatre


According to its impressive dimensions, this monumental architectural facility is the largest of the preserved Roman theatres on the territory of the Re- public of Macedonia. The main contours of the building have been uncovered: skene, the central space of the theatre building and the eastern part of the auditorium. In the construction of the auditorium the natural slope of the hill was utilized, while for the purpose of setting the orchestra and the theatre building the ground was previously levelled.


Through the theatre building (98 x 15 m) there are three corridors leading up to the orchestra, which has the shape of a partial semicircle, which is characteristic of the Roman theatres. The outer edge of the auditorium is 16 meters higher than the level of the orchestra, as was prob- ably the height of the stage building.


In the central part of the theatre building were discovered six smaller rooms that served as locker rooms or rooms for preparation of the artists. The facade of the skene has a semicircle niche above the main hall and two rectangular niches above the lateral corridors. The stage was two meters above the orchestra and was covered with multicolor marble slabs. The facade of the skene was extremely lavishly decorated with marble pillars on two floors, and capitals, bases, architraves, door frames, roof wreaths and other decorative architectural elements, with rich ornamentation, whose artistic and technical level of craftsmanship is at an extraordinary high level and does not falter compared to most artistic works from that time in other Roman capitals.


Left and right of the skene are side wings (paraskenia) of the theatre building, which are pulled inside toward the orchestra and partly angled towards the auditorium, thus forming parodoi (entrances) as side pathways to the orchestra.


The auditorium (cavea) lies on the natural slope, facing southwest. One pathway (diazoma) divides the audience into two parts. The seats of the lower section stood on a massive complex substructure of concentric semi-circular walls, interconnected by arches, which form four arched underground passageways. Via the fourth corridor one went out to several places, whereby two exits were discovered (vomitoria) in the lower part of the auditorium. The top half of the auditorium lies over a construction of two concentric semi-circular walls, connected by 24 radial beams, each arched, which served as a base for the seats. The preserved items indicate that the theatrical performances took place in the orchestra. There has not been evidence, thus far, that in the theatre were organized gladiatorial performances.


The architectural composition and the style of decorative elements indicate that the theatre was built during the reign of Hadrian (first half of the 2nd century). That conclusion is supported by the probable visit of Hadrian in Scupi between 121-125 AD.
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The virtual tour was created by Concept for culture with financial support from the City of Skopje
## Tour ### Description tour.description = Scupi – Colonia Flavia Scupinorum ### Title tour.name = Scupi